One of the chief disadvantages of wood in use
is its inability to retain its shape with the change in
the moisture content. It shrinks and swells as water is
desorbed or adsorbed in the cell wall of the wood fibre
which is composed primarily of cellulose ‘mnicrofibrils.
The hydroxyl groups—of—the e. e ll.ulose c.hain-exhibi^t—strong…-
affinity for water molecules* The hygroscopisity of wood
— is due to–these–water loving hydroxyl groups. In the swollen
state water is adsorbed to the easily ■ accessible–hydroxyl- — –
groups of the less^ordered..amorphous–region^–With-the loss
of water, on.Jurying 3 surface tension forces pull the adjacent
cej, ] nInsebchains together causing shrinkage of the fibres
equal to the volume of water removed.

The part of Bengal bounded by the river system
Brahmaputra-Jamuna-Ganges to its North is generally known as
, North Bengal. The portion of North Bengal which came to Pakistan
and ’’Khiar”. ’Poli’
after independence of the country inherited small’areas of
natural forests. The scope of this papfer is limited to the
Pakistan portion of the North Bengal. Of the five Civil
Districts of North-Bengal namely, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Dinaj pur,
Pabna and Bogra, there is no forest at all in Pabna and Bogra.
About 85.5%: of the forest areas are situated at Dinajpur
district, 11,6 at Rangpur District. but* contiguous to the
, r ’ ‘• ■ ■ Dina.jpur forests and 2.5% at Rajshahi. The.forests of the
present Rajshahi district were also the part of undivided
Dinajpur district but became intercepted due to partition of
Dinajpur district-at the time of Independence.

The subject for the seminar was ’’Pie c hanization of
Site preparation”. During the Seminar and field trips, however,
much wider field was covered. Actually the technology and level
of mechanization of various forestry operations connected with
re-forestation, afforestation and protective afforestation was
discussed and demonstrated.

“-The^economiq. development of a country or a region
is basically a question of increas^bL^roductivity.. The history
of especially the; last two centuries shows a spectan-H-lar ‘ ‘
and in each field of economic activity~we will.
find planned and. unplanned efforts to induce a change..Forestry
…makes no. exception. Although progress here, has been less marked
than in the manufacturing industries, there has-been a steady
growth of productivity-In all countried-where a regular-forest
management has superseded the extractive – and partly destruc-
, tive * practices of earlier times. With the particular^ atrueture ^
of .reproductive forestry we can conceptually distinguish-between.’.
a.growth of the productivity of land (yield per acre) and the
– productivity of labour (output per man-day.)
B

Bleaching studies were conducted on the semichemical
pulp prepared’ from thei_mixture of 8(eight) minor hardwood
species-namely Itchri (Anogeissus acuminata), Amra (bpondias
Pinnata) , Barta (Art oca rpus lakoocha), dhamphata {Eapium baccaturn) , Gu

The seminar was sponsored by the Food & Agriculture
Organisation and the International Labour Organisation of the
United Nations, and hosted by the Forestry Agency of the Government of Japan. 13 countries of Asia and the Far East .participated in the Seminar with 26 participants. The primary object of
the Seminar was to introduce improved forest working technique
and the training of forest workers in the countries in Asia and
the Far East. While in Europe, U.S.A., Canada and other developed countries substantial progress has been made in introduction of improved forest working technique and training of forest
workers in various specific jobs, many of the developing countries could not substantially contribute in these lines. The
importance of introduction of improved techniques in forestry
. operation and the vital role played by the workers in making it
a success, cannot be over emphasised. Pakistan like many other
developing countries could not yet introduce the improved forest
. working techniques and the forest workers’ training in the r£al
sense of the term. The training programme in Pakistan is at present limited to the supervisory staff of Forest Department.. No
step has yet been taken to train the forest workers to obtain
the maximum benefit.

Gamari or Gamar is a well known furniture wood in
East Pakistan, particularly in Chittagong. The botanical
name for Gamar is Gmelina arborea, Roxb. , and it belongs to
the family Verbenacr.c to which teak belongs. The generic
; Melina) is named after S.Gottlieb
The la’<in rceanirg of ’’arborea” is Local names : Gamari; Gamar (Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, bylhet), Joginichakra (Mymensingh), Ramani (I'lagh) Gambar, Bol-gippok (Garo), Kumhar, Gumhar, Gumliar (W.Pak.) In Burma} the plant is known as Yemani, Name used in the exotic plantations, e.g, Nigeria, is Gmelina or Yemani. In English it is known as Kashmir tree or white teak.

Introduction
In East Pakistan due to various pressure on the sal
forests, the original crop lias deteriorated further in its
genetic composition, bo vigorous attempts have to be made to
Shorea robusta’, a member of the genus Shorea, belongs
to the family Dipte.rocarpaceae0 Sal (local name) occupies
two main regions of the subcontinent (separated by gangetAc
plain) the Northern and the Central region of Indo-Pakistan,
In East Pakistan it occurs in three areas Dacca, Mymensingh
and Dinajpur-Kangpure Dacca-Mymensingh sal is the tail end
of the Eastern range following Garo Hills of Assam (India)
where_as the Dinajpur-Kangpur sal is the continum of Bengal
Duars.

What is Paper?
Paper is a common and familiar material used in our day
to day work. The precariat production and consumption of paper
in a country reflect the extent of development of tha.t country.
• 1 f •
Paper is so much co-related to us that we cannot dream of happy
and worthy life without it. Our knowledge remains self-centered
if we fail to have some idea about this important pillar of
civilization.