The seminar was sponsored by the Food & Agriculture
Organisation and the International Labour Organisation of the
United Nations, and hosted by the Forestry Agency of the Government of Japan. 13 countries of Asia and the Far East .participated in the Seminar with 26 participants. The primary object of
the Seminar was to introduce improved forest working technique
and the training of forest workers in the countries in Asia and
the Far East. While in Europe, U.S.A., Canada and other developed countries substantial progress has been made in introduction of improved forest working technique and training of forest
workers in various specific jobs, many of the developing countries could not substantially contribute in these lines. The
importance of introduction of improved techniques in forestry
. operation and the vital role played by the workers in making it
a success, cannot be over emphasised. Pakistan like many other
developing countries could not yet introduce the improved forest
. working techniques and the forest workers’ training in the r£al
sense of the term. The training programme in Pakistan is at present limited to the supervisory staff of Forest Department.. No
step has yet been taken to train the forest workers to obtain
the maximum benefit.

Introduction
1 All the figures are for conifers and on dry wieght basis.
Major constituents of wood are cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses. Small amounts of pectic material, starch and other extraneous substances are also present. The ash content of wood seldom
exceeds 0,5%..) (2) o Normal hardwoods and softwoods usually contain
42?2 percent of cellulose. The lignin content of hardwoods varies
from IS to 25%, while in softwoods the range is 25 to 35%. A partly
acetylated5 acidic xylan accounts for 20 to 35% of the wood of hardwoods, with a second hemicellulose, a glucomannan occuring in small
amounts. A partly acetylated galacto-gluco-mannan makes up almost
20% of coniferous wood, but the xylan, .in this case, comprises only
10% of the total wood substance(2).
S3
In a typical wood cell, the primary wall forms an envelope
for the secondary wall, which in turn, encloses the lumen. The primary wall, as well as the intercellular substance, are highly lignified (71 per cent lignin and 14 per cent pentosan in Douglas Fir) ,
whereas the secondary wall is largely cellulose ( over 50% in 8^
and slightly less in layer) , though lignified ( 13 to 25% in
$2 and 11 to 13/j in layer). The hemicellulose content is about
20% in the primary wall, 25 to 30% in the So, and 30 to 35% in the
layer ( 37)—. Regions of. approximately parallel change alternate
with less ordered regions in the secondary wall cellulose. The
molecules in the crystalline regions and to a certain extent, in
the amorphous regions, are held primarily together by a large
number of hydrogen bonds while Van der Waal’s forces probably make
some contribution to the cohesion.

Bleaching studies were conducted on the semichemical
pulp prepared’ from thei_mixture of 8(eight) minor hardwood
species-namely Itchri (Anogeissus acuminata), Amra (bpondias
Pinnata) , Barta (Art oca rpus lakoocha), dhamphata {Eapium baccaturn) , Gu

THE PRESENT WORKING PLAN?
The amount of work laid down in the preparation and presentation
of periodic working plans for the forest divisions is impreSsive.Compared
with similar plans in most other countries the East Pakistan working plans
are undoubtedly of a very high standard. They contain a wealth of
forests
not easily found elsewhere.
Working plans in their present form date back to mid 19th or
eVen late 18th century German forestry. The ideas and concepts of Central
methods and techniques developed have served the forestry of several
countries for better or worse for generations. But with the changing
position of forests in national economics, in land use policy and as
producers of raw material for industry,. a more dynamic approach also to
planning in forestry is under way.
This raises the question of working plans in the future East
Pakistan forestry business. In this paper it is attempted to examine how
the working plans of to-day are related to the forestry of to-morrow, and
some tentative lines of development are suggested

“-The^economiq. development of a country or a region
is basically a question of increas^bL^roductivity.. The history
of especially the; last two centuries shows a spectan-H-lar ‘ ‘
and in each field of economic activity~we will.
find planned and. unplanned efforts to induce a change..Forestry
…makes no. exception. Although progress here, has been less marked
than in the manufacturing industries, there has-been a steady
growth of productivity-In all countried-where a regular-forest
management has superseded the extractive – and partly destruc-
, tive * practices of earlier times. With the particular^ atrueture ^
of .reproductive forestry we can conceptually distinguish-between.’.
a.growth of the productivity of land (yield per acre) and the
– productivity of labour (output per man-day.)
B

The subject for the seminar was ’’Pie c hanization of
Site preparation”. During the Seminar and field trips, however,
much wider field was covered. Actually the technology and level
of mechanization of various forestry operations connected with
re-forestation, afforestation and protective afforestation was
discussed and demonstrated.

.
In Dacca district, the sal forests are limited within
the Dacca sadar North Sub-Division and in the district of
acres in Rajshahi district.
r . *
Sal is found only in the plains of
Dinajpur district,
Division and small patches in Thakurgaon Sub-Division. In
Rangpur district it is-limited within the Sadar Sub-Division.
In Rajshahi district it is limited within the northern portion
Mymensingh these are. limited within the Mymensingh Sadar and
Tangail Sub-Division and in the foot hills of Garo hills. In
these are limited within the Sadar Subof Noagaon Sub-Division. … . –
In area, Sal occupies approximately 64000 acres in Dacca
district, 1,78,890 acres in Mymensingh district, 16,344 acres
in Dinajpur district, 3410 acres in Rangpur district and 1057
Dacca,
I

Noakhali is a non-forest district of East Pakistan.
The problems of this district are many-fold of which the natural
calamities such as floods, tidal waves and Cyclone are the most
important. The district is located on the north of Bay of Bengal
which is notoriously a Cyclonic zone. The entire district is
flat, intercepted by mighty rivers and their delta. The Southern
part consists of a number of islands.which are continuously being
silted and enlarged. New islands are being formed due to siltation and appear only at low tide. The general level of the district
is a little above Sea level and a slight tidal wave causes destruction to houses and crops. It appears from historical records
that prior to 20th century the area was fully vegetated where
special efforts were made to colonize people by giving special
facilities in the remission of land revenue and cash advances etc.
In the beginning the Colonization was slow , most probably because
of the known ravages of the climatic factor due to its location.
The economic gains appear to have been so promising that in spite
of the dangers of climatic ravages the colonization progressed
steadily but slowly and at prese

Where there is sincere desire and a felt need for
improvement, there must be emphasis on research. In U.S.S.R.
there exists such an emphasis visible everywhere. Large number of research Scientists are engaged in productive research activities in many well-equipped research Institutes dealing with problems of logging and wood-based industries.Adequate funds are provided for annual budget of these institutes. They are provided with pilot plants and experimental
farms where they can try and test efficiencies of various
equipments and techniques designed and developed by them.