Thailand is located
20°2’N latitudes and
longitudes. Amongst its 72 provinces 17 are
used for commercial rubber {Hevea brasiliensis
Muell) plantings. These plantations
are in the southern and eastern regions
between 5° 7′ and
98° and 105°E of the country. In recent years some
experimental plantations have also been raised
in the northern pait. About 1.6 million
hectares of rubber plantations have been raised
so far out of its total area of 51.4 million
hectares (Lim Pholoh 1984, pers. comm.)

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), commonly
known as Arhar, is a tropical crop. It is
planted in flat and hilly lands, on field
bunds or as hedges. With proper time of
planting at ideal conditions, population
ranges from 5,00,000-6,50,000 plants per
hectare (Gowda and Kaul 1982). Arhar
has a multipurpose use. The juice of the
young leaves is used as a medicine for the
treatment of jaundice (Nadkarni 1954).
Green seed is used as a vegetable. As the
stem does not require splitting and since
it dries very quickly, the plant is very
popular as fuel to the villagers. Other
advantages of Arhar cultivation include
conservation and nitrogen enrichment of
the soil (Alim 1985).

In a preliminary study od pollen fertility percentages and
open pollination in emasculated flowers, leading to fruit formation in
Santalum album ( sandal) were investigated. Open-pollination percentage
measured through fruit formation was low. Inter-plant differences
both in pollen-fertility and in fruit formation were highly significant.
It was observed that though the pollen-fertility percentage is high,
fruit formation is low.

Members of Loranthaaeae are semiparasitic
angiosperms and are popularly
kn.own as mistletoes. They cause more
economic loss than any other angiospermia
parasites. They mostly attack dicotyledors
and gymnosperms which include horticultural
plants as well as forest trees. Control
of mistletoes has been advocated and
practised throughout the world. Gill and
Hawksworth (1961) suggested (i) physical
removal and (ii ) chemical control as direct
control measures. Silvicultural management
system like thinning and use of
isolation strips have been stated to be effective
in reducing the infestation and spread
of dwarf mistletoes (Greenham and Hawksworth
1964 ; Hawksworth et al. 1977).
Certain amount of natural control exists
in some areas where particular insectsand
fungi reduce the infestation (Greenham
and Hawksworth 1964). Gill and Hawksworth
(1961) g?.ve brief notes on insect
attack of dwarf mistletoes. Approach
towards the biological control of mistletoes
by insects has been indicated by Hawksworth
(1971 ) and Smith and Funk ( 1980 ).
Graves and Graves ( 1980) noted that the
larvae of Citheronid regalis ( Citheronoiidae :
Lepidoptera) feed on the leaves of

Culm-sheaths as well as other vegetative
parts are generally used for the identification
of species of bamboos because flowering
occurs at long intervals. Identification of
species in this group was originally based on
floral characters and where these characters
were lacking or found to be inadequate,
the culm-sheath characters were taken into
consideration. Subsequently, keys were prepared
on the basis of culm-sheath characters
(Chatterji and Raizada 1963). Such keys are
difficult to follow and sometimes confusing.
This is partly due to the lack of proper and
adequate descriptions of culm-sheaths and
partly due to considerable variation existing
in the culm-sheaths themselves even in the
same culm(Peal 1882)-a point that has always

Bamboo is of great importance in
Bangladesh and stands next to wood in utility.
It is extensively used for the construction
of houses, bridges, rafters and for many
other purposes. Split bamboo is used by the villagers as a
reinforcement of mud walls,
bamboo has multiple uses.
bamboo starts shrinking during the initial
stages of drying and has shown considerable wall material and also as a
As a whole,
Unlike wood,

Bamboo is an important raw material
in our villages for a wide range of uses.
Bamboo is grown in small groves in village
homesteads. For the last few years a disease
of village grown bamboos has caused
substantial damage. Rahman (1978) described
some aspects of the symptoms and isolated
Coniothyrium fuckelii as the dominant
associated fungus. Pathogenicity tests with C.
fuckelii on Bambusa balcooa at Rajshahi
in 1979 did not yield any infection (Rahman,
unpublished data). Review of literature
on C. fuckelii did not reveal any report
that the fungus was a pathogen. Isolation
of other fungi was inconclusive (Rahman,
1978), but the scattered distribution of