Like the starving man of legend many developing countries are
sleeping, unaware, on a heap of gold.Most of the largest and richest
tropical rain forests are located in the “Third World”, but for the
mosy part they are unexploted, ignored, unattended or poorly managed.
And it is in these regions that hunger and poverty are most acute.
There would seem little- if any- connction between developing
forest land and solving the hunger problem. But it has become increasingly clear to economic planners and developing experts that the two
are so closely linked that in the years ahead forestry would be a key
factor in the fight against hunger.

Introduction :
■ Watershed management is concerned with the hydrologic
effects of land use and vegetative management. Water is considered
a product of the land which, within limits set by nature, can be
managed just as other renewable natural resources. In watershed
management the emphasis is not on harnessing water in streams but
on managing on the land itself, before it enters the streams or
.ground water basins. Watershed management may be called as handmaid of Engineering Water Development. This is most evident where
engineering structures erected for better water supply and regulations of stream discharge are threatened by erosion and premature
sedimentation, where the remedy lies in the introductionof conservative land use practices and suitable vegetation patterns combatable with the water producing function of

Prior to the partition of Indo-Pakistan sub-continent,
the sal forests of this sub-continent were managed under both
high forest systems and coppice systems. Of the high forest
systems-clear felling system and selection system and of the
coppice systems-the simple coppice system and the coppice with
standard system were mostly in practice. Selection system was
the main silvicultural system for sal in the outer hills of
the United Provinces. Selection system was never in practice
for sal in the portion now fallen in East Pakistan and the
only system for sal of this portion was coppice system. As a
result of working under coppice system, the sal forests of
this part have become deteriorated to a great extent.

Bleaching studies were conducted on the semichemical
pulp prepared’ from thei_mixture of 8(eight) minor hardwood
species-namely Itchri (Anogeissus acuminata), Amra (bpondias
Pinnata) , Barta (Art oca rpus lakoocha), dhamphata {Eapium baccaturn) , Gu

Gamari or Gamar is a well known furniture wood in
East Pakistan, particularly in Chittagong. The botanical
name for Gamar is Gmelina arborea, Roxb. , and it belongs to
the family Verbenacr.c to which teak belongs. The generic
; Melina) is named after S.Gottlieb
The la’<in rceanirg of ’’arborea” is Local names : Gamari; Gamar (Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, bylhet), Joginichakra (Mymensingh), Ramani (I'lagh) Gambar, Bol-gippok (Garo), Kumhar, Gumhar, Gumliar (W.Pak.) In Burma} the plant is known as Yemani, Name used in the exotic plantations, e.g, Nigeria, is Gmelina or Yemani. In English it is known as Kashmir tree or white teak.

INTRODUCTION :
ROLE OF FOKLblb, FOREST INDUSTRY,AND FOxtEST
EXTENSION &, KESLhRCH IN This EOuNOmY OF ThL_ COUNTRY.
with a little dispassionate thinking one is
likely to conclude that possibly no other natural resource
of the world has been so shabbily treated by the human beings
as the forests had been from the pre-historic days till
to-day, both collectively and individually. The original
inhabitants of the earth lived mostly as denizens of the
forests depended on forests and forest products for their
food and shelter. But they gradually cleared the forests
to their advantage to live a better life away from the
forests. New society has grown, new civilization built up,
new kingdom established, new economy flourished at the cost
of and on destruction of forests. But hardly people have
realised its importance or care to look back with any sense
of gratitude to this important natural resource of the world,
is so vital even in the modern civilized society. Forest and
forest products have been playing important role to the
nations in support of agriculture , in the growth of industry, giving protection in natural clamities and making provision for its growing population in earning livelihood and
thereby helping economic development of nations in earning
or saving foreign exchange. Forest products are again in
the service of any individual from T cradle to coffin1 but
very often an individual offers his gratitude by using his
injudicious brutal axe in cutting a mighty tree, which might
have grown for over hundred years serving his fellow men for
generations, and even without caring to replace this gift of
nature by planting atleast a similar one is a suitable pice.

Family: Elephantidae. ■ -Local name: Hati.
Its long
J
t 77 i-..
ELEPHANT
(Elephas maximus)
The majestic ’elephant which is associated with the
Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent from time immemorial with the
spendour of her princely pageantry is one of the most prized
animal of our forests. Along with the famed Royal Bengal Tigers,
this animal also can rightly claim to be one of the most fabulous
animal of this, part of the country. But unlike the Royal Bengal
Tiger which found its way from northern-cooler country, the
fossil remains prove beyond doubt that the elephants can claim
this Sub-continent as their ancestral home for long 5,00,000
years. Fossil remains of seven species of true elephants and
eight species of mastodons have been discovered in the IndoPakistan Sub-continent. They used to roam around the sub-continent
in the prehistoric days,. One by one they faced extinction and
to-day we are left with .only one species in the whole of the
Sub-continent. East Pakistan having possessed a share of this,
unique species of the;olden days can rightly be proud of.

Introduction
1 All the figures are for conifers and on dry wieght basis.
Major constituents of wood are cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses. Small amounts of pectic material, starch and other extraneous substances are also present. The ash content of wood seldom
exceeds 0,5%..) (2) o Normal hardwoods and softwoods usually contain
42?2 percent of cellulose. The lignin content of hardwoods varies
from IS to 25%, while in softwoods the range is 25 to 35%. A partly
acetylated5 acidic xylan accounts for 20 to 35% of the wood of hardwoods, with a second hemicellulose, a glucomannan occuring in small
amounts. A partly acetylated galacto-gluco-mannan makes up almost
20% of coniferous wood, but the xylan, .in this case, comprises only
10% of the total wood substance(2).
S3
In a typical wood cell, the primary wall forms an envelope
for the secondary wall, which in turn, encloses the lumen. The primary wall, as well as the intercellular substance, are highly lignified (71 per cent lignin and 14 per cent pentosan in Douglas Fir) ,
whereas the secondary wall is largely cellulose ( over 50% in 8^
and slightly less in layer) , though lignified ( 13 to 25% in
$2 and 11 to 13/j in layer). The hemicellulose content is about
20% in the primary wall, 25 to 30% in the So, and 30 to 35% in the
layer ( 37)—. Regions of. approximately parallel change alternate
with less ordered regions in the secondary wall cellulose. The
molecules in the crystalline regions and to a certain extent, in
the amorphous regions, are held primarily together by a large
number of hydrogen bonds while Van der Waal’s forces probably make
some contribution to the cohesion.

Forestry research and education are loosely combined and are
located at buba about 12 miles south of Khartum . The Forest Education
and Research Centre at ouba was developed under the UNbF assistance.
• It consists of the seed certification laboratory, timber testing
laboratory, research nursery and the arboretum is located in the
“Green belt” which has been specially planted to protect Khartum city
from hot desiccating winds .